Troides haliphron - www.nagypal.net

Troides haliphron is a small Troides with several well defined subspecies.

In most of its distribution area haliphron appears to be common, many places occurring in such abundance that it outnumbers any other butterfly species.

Tsukada & Nishiyama (1980, 1982) claimed the immature stages of haliphron to be unknown, obviously being unaware that Ribbe made some descriptions as early as 1890. All stages were figured by Igarashi in 1979, a year before Tsukada & Nishiyama' publication.

During a visit to Kabia Island, Ribbe found haliphron to be abundant in the coastal areas. He followed a female into the undergrowth. On a climber - an unidentified Aristolochia - Ribbe found pupae 'under every second leaf'. For more information, reference is made to Haugum & Low (1983).

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T. haliphron haliphron

Auctor: Boisduval, 1836

Syn.: amphimedon Doubleday, 1846 nec Cramer, 1779

Syn.: pallens Oberthür, 1879

Syn.: halliphron D'Abrera, 1975

Syn.: ? pistor Rothschild, 1896 (see notes under T.haliphron pistor)

Syn.: pallens Tsukada & Nishiyama, 1980

Distribution: S. Sulawesi, Salayar Is., Tanahjampea Is.

Etymology:

Notes:

Described forms:

mf. bauermanni Röber, 1885

ff. pallens Oberthür, 1879 (syn.: palleus Rippon, 1906)

T. haliphron pistor

Auctor: Rothschild, 1896

Syn.: piston Rippon, 1906

Syn.: pallens Okano & Ohkura, 1980

Distribution: Kalao Is., Jampea Is., ?Bonerate Is.

Etymology: Pistor = baker, miller.

Notes: Haugum & Low (1983) regarded pistor to be a f.loc. of

T.haliphron haliphron.

Described forms:

none

T. haliphron kronos

Auctor: Kobayashi, 1987

Distribution: Lombok

Etymology: Kronos was a god of agriculture in pre-Hellenic mythology. He was the

youngest of the 12 Titans and son of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaea (Earth).

Notes: Described as T. haliphron naias f.loc. kronos.

Matsuka (2001) treated T.haliphron kronos as a synonym of

T.haliphron naias.

Described forms:

none

T. haliphron naias

Auctor: Doherty, 1891

Syn.: sambavana Doherty, 1891

Syn.: socrates Staudinger, 1891 & 1893

Syn.: sambawanus Rothschild, 1895 (emend.)

Syn.: nais Pagenstecher, 1896

Syn.: sambawana de Nicéville & Elwes, 1897

Syn.: nerias Rippon, 1906 (lapsus)

Syn.: antilochus Fruhstorfer, 1913

Syn.: sumbavana Fruhstorfer, 1913

Syn.: nais Fruhstorfer, 1913 (lapsus)

Syn.: naies Kurosawa, 1966 (lapsus)

Syn.: antilochus Tsukada & Nishiyama, 1980

Distribution: Sumba, Flores, Larantuka, Adonara, Lomblen (=Lembata), Pantar,

Alor, ?Solor

Etymology: Naias = a water-nymph. Name derived from naiades - 'those who

are swimming'.

Notes:

Described forms:

mf. sambavana Doherty, 1892 (= sambawnus Rothschild, 1895)

T. haliphron socrates

Auctor: Staudinger, 1891

Syn.: naias Rothschild, 1895

Syn.: pancasila Kobayashi, 1987

Distribution: Wetar Is. (not Sumbawa Is. as stated in Rothschild's original

description).

Etymology: Named after Greek philosopher Socrates (469-399 B.C.).

Notes: Haugum & Low (1983) regarded socrates to be a f.loc. of

T.haliphron naias.

Described forms:

none

T. haliphron celebensis

Auctor: Wallace, 1865

Syn.: celebensis Jordan, 1908 (as Papilio criton celebensis).

Syn.: Troides helena hephaestus hybrid, Tsukakada & Nishiyama, 1980

Distribution: S. Sulawesi; Ujung Pandang (=Macassar); Patunuanasi - Putunasi,

Putumau, Palopo

Etymology: Named after its type locality, Celebes (= Sulawesi).

Notes: The status of this taxon is uncertain. Tsukada & Nishiyama (1980) suggested

the taxon to be a natural hybrid between T.helena hephaestus and another

species. Kobayashi & Koiwaya (1981) and Okano & Ohkura (1981) raised the taxon to specific rank. Haugum & Low (1983) suggested it to be a natural hybrid between T.haliphron haliphron and T.helena hephaestus. The student is recommended to study their argumentation given in their 'A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies'. See also notes under T.haliphron selayarensis.

As a good number of specimens have been collected in recent years, this author holds the view that the theory of celebensis being a hybrid should be abandoned.

Described forms:

none

T. haliphron selayarensis

Auctor: Kobayashi & Koiwaya, 1981

Syn.: celebensis Okano & Ohkura, 1981 nec Wallace, 1865

Distribution: Salayar Is., ?Jampea Is.

Etymology: Named after its type locality, Salayar Is. (often misspelt as 'Selayar').

Notes: The status of this taxon is uncertain. Kobayashi & Koiwaya (1981) described

the taxon as a subspecies of T.celebensis. Haugum & Low (1983) suggested it to be a natural hybrid between T.haliphron haliphron and T.oblongomaculatus thestius. The student is recommended to study their argumentation given in their 'A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies'. See also notes under T.haliphron celebensis.

As a good number of specimens have been collected in recent years, this author holds the view that the theory of selayarensis being a hybrid should be abandoned.

Described forms:

none

T. haliphron purahu

Auctor: Kobayashi, 1987

Distribution: Batuata Is.

Etymology:

Notes:

Described forms:

ff. staudiphron Rumbucher & Schaffler, 2004

ff. pseudostaudingeri Rumbucher & Schaffler, 2004

ff. schmidti Rumbucher & Schaffler, 2004

T. haliphron bellwoni

Auctor: Neukirchen, 1993

Distribution: Lucipara Is.

Etymology: Named after Mr. Heinz Bellwon.

Notes:

Described forms:

none

T. haliphron eleonorae

Auctor: Rumbucher and Shchaffler, 2004

Distribution: Buton Is.

Etymology: Named after Mrs. Eleonore Schmidbauer.

Notes: Discovered 1991. The specimens shown in this web site

are from the first series ever collected of this taxon.

Described forms:

none

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Auctor:	Boisduval, 1836
Syn.:	amphimedon Doubleday, 1846 nec Cramer, 1779
Syn.:	pallens Oberthür, 1879
Syn.:	halliphron D'Abrera, 1975
Syn.:	? pistor Rothschild, 1896 (see notes under T.haliphron pistor)
Syn.:	pallens Tsukada & Nishiyama, 1980
Distribution:	S. Sulawesi, Salayar Is., Tanahjampea Is.
Etymology:
Notes:

	Described forms:
	mf. bauermanni Röber, 1885
	ff. pallens Oberthür, 1879 (syn.: palleus Rippon, 1906)

Auctor:	Rothschild, 1896
Syn.:	piston Rippon, 1906
Syn.:	pallens Okano & Ohkura, 1980
Distribution:	Kalao Is., Jampea Is., ?Bonerate Is.
Etymology:	Pistor = baker, miller.
Notes:	Haugum & Low (1983) regarded pistor to be a f.loc. of
	T.haliphron haliphron.

Auctor:	Kobayashi, 1987
Distribution:	Lombok
Etymology:	Kronos was a god of agriculture in pre-Hellenic mythology. He was the
	youngest of the 12 Titans and son of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaea (Earth).
Notes:	Described as T. haliphron naias f.loc. kronos.
	Matsuka (2001) treated T.haliphron kronos as a synonym of
	T.haliphron naias.

Auctor:	Doherty, 1891
Syn.:	sambavana Doherty, 1891
Syn.:	socrates Staudinger, 1891 & 1893
Syn.:	sambawanus Rothschild, 1895 (emend.)
Syn.:	nais Pagenstecher, 1896
Syn.:	sambawana de Nicéville & Elwes, 1897
Syn.:	nerias Rippon, 1906 (lapsus)
Syn.:	antilochus Fruhstorfer, 1913
Syn.:	sumbavana Fruhstorfer, 1913
Syn.:	nais Fruhstorfer, 1913 (lapsus)
Syn.:	naies Kurosawa, 1966 (lapsus)
Syn.:	antilochus Tsukada & Nishiyama, 1980
Distribution:	Sumba, Flores, Larantuka, Adonara, Lomblen (=Lembata), Pantar,
	Alor, ?Solor
Etymology:	Naias = a water-nymph. Name derived from naiades - 'those who
	are swimming'.
Notes:

	Described forms:
	mf. sambavana Doherty, 1892 (= sambawnus Rothschild, 1895)

Auctor:	Staudinger, 1891
Syn.:	naias Rothschild, 1895
Syn.:	pancasila Kobayashi, 1987
Distribution:	Wetar Is. (not Sumbawa Is. as stated in Rothschild's original
	description).
Etymology:	Named after Greek philosopher Socrates (469-399 B.C.).
Notes:	Haugum & Low (1983) regarded socrates to be a f.loc. of
	T.haliphron naias.

Auctor:	Wallace, 1865
Syn.:	celebensis Jordan, 1908 (as Papilio criton celebensis).
Syn.:	Troides helena hephaestus hybrid, Tsukakada & Nishiyama, 1980
Distribution:	S. Sulawesi; Ujung Pandang (=Macassar); Patunuanasi - Putunasi,
	Putumau, Palopo
Etymology:	Named after its type locality, Celebes (= Sulawesi).
Notes:	The status of this taxon is uncertain. Tsukada & Nishiyama (1980) suggested
	the taxon to be a natural hybrid between T.helena hephaestus and another
	species. Kobayashi & Koiwaya (1981) and Okano & Ohkura (1981) raised the taxon to specific rank. Haugum & Low (1983) suggested it to be a natural hybrid between T.haliphron haliphron and T.helena hephaestus. The student is recommended to study their argumentation given in their 'A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies'. See also notes under T.haliphron selayarensis.
	As a good number of specimens have been collected in recent years, this author holds the view that the theory of celebensis being a hybrid should be abandoned.

Auctor:	Kobayashi & Koiwaya, 1981
Syn.:	celebensis Okano & Ohkura, 1981 nec Wallace, 1865
Distribution:	Salayar Is., ?Jampea Is.
Etymology:	Named after its type locality, Salayar Is. (often misspelt as 'Selayar').
Notes:	The status of this taxon is uncertain. Kobayashi & Koiwaya (1981) described
	the taxon as a subspecies of T.celebensis. Haugum & Low (1983) suggested it to be a natural hybrid between T.haliphron haliphron and T.oblongomaculatus thestius. The student is recommended to study their argumentation given in their 'A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies'. See also notes under T.haliphron celebensis.
	As a good number of specimens have been collected in recent years, this author holds the view that the theory of selayarensis being a hybrid should be abandoned.

	Described forms:
	ff. staudiphron Rumbucher & Schaffler, 2004
	ff. pseudostaudingeri Rumbucher & Schaffler, 2004
	ff. schmidti Rumbucher & Schaffler, 2004

Auctor:	Neukirchen, 1993
Distribution:	Lucipara Is.
Etymology:	Named after Mr. Heinz Bellwon.
Notes:

Auctor:	Rumbucher and Shchaffler, 2004
Distribution:	Buton Is.
Etymology:	Named after Mrs. Eleonore Schmidbauer.
Notes:	Discovered 1991. The specimens shown in this web site
	are from the first series ever collected of this taxon.